上海汽車翻譯公司-英漢詞性轉化翻譯技巧

在英譯漢的過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達式不同，就不能逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉換詞類，才能使?jié)h語譯文通順自然。

一、名詞的轉譯

1.英語名詞轉譯成動詞

由動詞派生的名詞，具有動詞意思的名詞，以結尾表示身份或職業(yè)的名詞等，這些名詞都可以轉譯成動詞。

                 【例1】            The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.

×對于這些事情的回想將會增添他生活的樂趣。

               【譯文】          回想起這些事情，會給他的生活增添樂趣。

                 【例2】            He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.

×他認為這次大會是人民的公正忠實的代表。

               【譯文】          他認為這次大會公正忠實地代表了人民。

                 【例3】            Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws.

×其他政府活動則是各個州的責任，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。

               【譯文】          其他政府職能則由各個州來承擔，各州都有自己的憲法和法律。

                 【例4】            The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

               【譯文】          看到我們的噴氣式飛機，聽到隆隆的機聲，我感到特別神往。

                 【例5】            To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing.

               【譯文】          據(jù)我所知，有幾臺計算機失蹤了。

                 【例6】            He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.

×他是個好聽眾，所以他們喜歡同他談話。

               【譯文】          他善于聽取別人意見，所以他們喜歡同他談心。

1)由動詞派生的名詞轉譯成動詞，在政論文體中出現(xiàn)比較多。

·The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.
政府號召建立更多的技術學校。

·Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had founded on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russia’s refusal.
到一九七二年為止，美蘇之間關于限制核軍備競賽的一切努力都在這一點上失敗了：美國堅持有權視察蘇方戰(zhàn)略武器現(xiàn)場，而蘇聯(lián)則拒絕這樣做。

·Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已經(jīng)被用來探索宇宙。

2) 含有動作意味的名詞(在記敘、描寫文體中出現(xiàn)較多)往往可以轉譯成動詞。

·Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
越南戰(zhàn)爭不斷消耗著美國的資源。

·A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀念碑和林肯紀念館的全景。

·Britain has no such natural protection from a flood of Hollywood.
英國沒有這種天然的保護物來阻擋好萊塢影片的長驅直入。

3)英語中有些加后綴-er的名詞，如teacher教師，thinker思想家等等，有時在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強的動作意味。在漢語中沒有恰當?shù)膶~時，往往可以譯成動詞。

·He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他吃得飽睡得香。

·I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher thanI.
我擔心自己不能教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

·Some of my classmates are good singers.我同班同學中有些人歌唱得很好。

·Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doing.
在和兒子談話時，老人寬恕了年輕人過去所干的壞事。

4) 作為習語主體的名詞往往可以譯成動詞。

·Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk.
每天早晨，她都要到湖區(qū)去散步。

·They took a final look at it, still intact in the darkness.
他們最后看了它一眼——它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。

·The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.
下一個新聞節(jié)目比通常短，沒有提到游行。

·A great cloud rose from the ground and followed the trail of the great sun. At first it was a giant column, which soon took the shape of a supramundane mushroom. For a feeling instant it took the form of the Statue of Liberty magnified many times.
一朵龐大的煙云隨著一輪巨日從地面升起。它起初是個巨大的圓柱，很快形成了凌云駕空的大蘑菇，一瞬間又變成了一座擴大了許多倍的自由女神像。

課堂練習

1.  New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants.

紐約使一些移民的幻想痛苦地破滅。

2.  The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.

財富逐漸集中在少數(shù)人手中，引發(fā)了許多社會問題和政治問題。

3.  The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.

過去的二十年中，美國的航空工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。

4.  I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.

我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

N-V

He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。

In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.在中國，人們非常注重講禮貌。

A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation.

仔細研究原文，你會翻譯得更好。

I admire your decision to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.

你決定戰(zhàn)勝復習考試中的困難，這一點我很羨慕。

Exercise

我們特別強調搞好售后服務(n)。

We lay special stress on the importance of offering good follow-up service.

真題

In terms of nations, it will be a world of much greater economic equality.（2001.9）

就（每個）國家而言，世界各國經(jīng)濟將越發(fā)不相上下。

If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist.（2000.9）

如果一個人在少年時期就學一門新的語言，那么（將來）很可能說得很流利。但如果成年還沒有學語言，母語的一些習慣特征就會根深蒂固。

2.名詞轉譯成形容詞

由形容詞派生的名詞，以及有些加不定冠詞時，譯成形容詞。

·Given that they’re inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.
鑒于他們沒有經(jīng)驗，干成這樣真不錯。

·This experiment was a success. 這個實驗很成功。

                 【例7】            Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success.

               【譯文】          勤奮和才智對于獲得成功是頗為重要的。

                 【例8】            I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.

               【譯文】          我有很多工作要做，今年休假是不可能的了。

                 【例9】            It's such a nuisance that I've got to work on Saturday.

               【譯文】          我星期六還得上班，真討厭。

               【例10】          As he was a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.

               【譯文】          他對這座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。

               【例11】          There's no point arguing about it -- just do as you're told.

               【譯文】          爭論是沒有意義的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做。

3.名詞轉譯成副詞

·I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.

我榮幸地通知您，您的請求已得到批準。

二、動詞的轉譯

1.英語動詞轉譯成名詞

英語中有很多由名詞派生的動詞，以及由名詞轉換的動詞，在翻譯成漢語的時候，往往不易找到對應的動詞，這時候可以將其轉換成名詞。

·Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他們之間的關系，有一個特點，就是以禮相待。

·To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他們看來，他就是絕對權威的化身。

名詞派生的動詞

               【例12】          In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.

               【譯文】          在希臘神話中，阿佛洛狄特女神是愛的化身。

               【例13】          Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.

               【譯文】          他早期繪畫的特點是色彩鮮明，筆法粗獷。

               【例14】          They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed.

他們已經(jīng)在打算合資企業(yè)一旦建成后經(jīng)理部門的人事安排。

2.英語動詞轉譯成副詞

·He said, if this was the case, he would be tempted to try.
他說，如果情況是這樣，他頗有躍躍欲試之意。

課堂練習

1.   Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.  這些材料的特點是：絕緣性好，耐磨性強。

2.   The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.設計的目的在于自動操作，調節(jié)方便，維護簡易，生產(chǎn)率高。

3.   The world will be a dull place indeed when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike.如果不同國家的人們行為舉止完全一樣，那么世界將成為一個實在無趣的地方。

4.   Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增長是自然增長和不斷移民的結果。

5.   The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美國經(jīng)濟的組織方式是個人所有制，合伙制，和公司制。

三、形容詞的轉譯

1.形容詞轉譯成動詞

英語形容詞不少可以轉譯成動詞。這種形容詞大體包括兩類：一類主要是由動詞派生或轉換而來，大多能引申出動詞意義；另一類多用于表示各種心理狀態(tài)，而這些心理狀態(tài)在漢語中一般用動詞表達。

Shortly after Jimmy Carter’s election as President, his advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher government spending.
據(jù)說在吉米·卡特當選總統(tǒng)后不久，他的顧問們就建議應當降低稅收，擴大政府開支。

·It was a very informative meeting.會上透露了許多信息。

               【例15】          He must have been aware that his parents' marriage was breaking up.

               【譯文】          他一定已經(jīng)知道父母的婚姻關系正在破裂。

               【例16】          Our computerized stock control system is now operative.

               【譯文】          本公司的庫存管理計算機系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)已運行。

               【例17】          His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted.

               【譯文】          他母親很寵他，他不管想干什么她都愿意讓他干。

2.形容詞轉譯成名詞

英語中一些名詞化的形容詞與冠詞連用，表示一類人或事物，這類形容詞翻譯時往往轉換成漢語名詞；另外還有一些由名詞派生、與名詞同根或可以引申出名詞意義的形容詞，英譯漢時都可以轉換成名詞。

The new treaty would be good for ten years.新條約的有效期為10年。

Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.莫斯科官方準備反對此項建議。

3.形容詞轉譯成副詞

At that time Copernicus was in the clear minority.那時，哥白尼顯然屬于少數(shù)派。

               【例18】          He felt responsible for her death. 他覺得她的死他有責任。

               【例19】          Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.

               【譯文】          缺乏信任對人際關系的危害很大。

四 其它詞類的轉譯

1 介詞、副詞轉譯成動詞：

               【例20】          With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.

               【譯文】          那男孩肩上扛著槍在裝士兵。

               【例21】          They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.

               【譯文】          他們吃的是簡陋的飯菜，住的是寒冷的窯洞，在昏暗的燈光下長時間地工作。

               【例22】          The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.

               【譯文】          這條大街向西而去，跨過一座大橋，延伸下坡后又上坡，經(jīng)過了幾家店鋪和肉市，又越過了幾幢平房，最后在一片開闊的綠草坪前突然到了盡頭。

Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through.。參加推銷員培訓就會確保他在學業(yè)完成以后能找到工作做。

TRANSLATION APPRECIATION

1. Respect a man, he will do the more.敬人者，人恒敬之。

2. Set one’s nerves on edge.心煩意亂。

3. Bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。

4. Show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.班門弄斧。

5. Small gains bring great wealth.積小利，成巨富。

6. Many men, many minds.十個人，十條心。

7. Sow virtue, and the harvest will be virtue; sow vice, and the harvest will be vice.
善有善報，惡有惡報。

8. Speech is silver, silence is gold.能言是銀，沉默是金。      

9. Step by step the ladder is ascended.登梯需要逐級登。

10. Stuff oneself with food the whole day, without applying one’s mind to anything good.
飽食終日，無所用心。

11. Success belongs to the persevering.勝利屬于堅韌不拔的人。

12. Take French leave.不辭而別。

13. The die is cast.骰子出手——大局已定。/ 木已成舟。

14. The dog that fetches will carry.對你說別人壞話的人也會對別人說你的壞話。

15. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes on.說者自說，做者自做；我行我素，人言何干？

Exercises:

l. With the passage of time, my admiration for him grew more and more.

2. There is a big increase in demand for all kinds of consumer goods in every part of our country.

3. I buried my head under the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.

4. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoing.

5. The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men.

1．隨著時間的流失，我對他越來越敬慕。

2．目前我國各地對各種消費品的需要量已大大增加。

3．我非常難過，一頭扎進被單和毯子里，像孩子一樣哭了起來。

4．小偷顫抖著交代了自己干的壞事。

5．水手們興高采烈，蜂擁而至，把這兩個人圍了起米。

adj/adv/pre-V

I am anxious about his health. 我擔心他的身體健康。

After careful investigation they found the design behind. 經(jīng)過仔細研究之后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個設計落后了。

他到商店去買醬油。He went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.

I’m all for your opinion.我完全贊成你的意見。

真題

When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. （2000.3）如果領導層讓員工信息閉塞（蒙在鼓里），員工就會對領導不信任。

In this way, they may devote their time to the study of policy alternatives free from the teaching and departmental duties (that are part of the daily routine for most members of the academic community).2002.3

正因為如此 / 通過這種方式，這些專家就可以從大多數(shù)學術人士習以為常的日常教學和科系公務中脫離出來，全身心地投入到政策的研究中去。

We must avoid these stupid, short-sighted traps and constantly strive for an open communications system with objective information. （2000，3）

我們必須告別這些愚蠢、缺乏遠見的做法，并致力于建立一個公開的溝通系統(tǒng)，確保信息客觀公正。

adv-n：It is officially announced thatChinahas successfully launched her fist manned spaceship.

官方宣布，中國已經(jīng)成功的發(fā)射了載人宇宙飛船。

He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身體雖弱，但思想健康。

真題：中國人民始終希望天下太平，希望各國人民友好相處。

The Chinese people are always looking forward to the global peace and friendship among all nations.

We already routinely screen people.  (2002,9)對人們進行檢查，在我們這里早就是家常便飯。

adv/n-adj：Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.

他們之間一直有著傳統(tǒng)的友好關系。

他的畫的特點是筆力沉著，顏色鮮明(adj)。

His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors.

Her beauty is beyond description.她漂亮得無法形容。

Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together.  （2000，9）亞洲國家的經(jīng)濟總量，將超過其他國家地區(qū)（經(jīng)濟規(guī)模）的總和。

 Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich. （2001，9）這些國家雖然呈現(xiàn)出欣欣向榮的態(tài)勢，但是其中還有許多極端貧窮的弱勢人群，還有少量富有人群。

詞性轉換( pro-v) ：I flew straight ahead, across the harbor and over the sea.

我筆直地向前告訴飛行，越過港口，飛臨海面。

For many years, stainless steel had been used for small things only.

多年來，不銹鋼僅僅被用來制造小物件。

轉譯成動詞：

For Westerners inChina, the establishment of an effective team of managers means attracting -- and retaining both expatriate and local management talent. 對于在中國的西方人來說，建立一支有效的管理人員隊伍意味著要同時吸引并留住來自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。

（四）其它詞性轉譯：The dominant factor in the growth of the company in question throughout the years has been its success in maintaining technical superiority in product design and manufacturing techniques. 該公司多年來發(fā)展壯大的主要因素是一貫成功地保持了產(chǎn)品設計和制造工藝上的技術優(yōu)勢。

This time-lag is difficult to explain, but there are three possible reasons.

這種時滯現(xiàn)象很難解釋，但可能有三個原因。

People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.

無污染車輛會給人們帶來很大的好處。