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改變我們思考方式的8個詞匯
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2017/4/24 14:39:22

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改變我們思考方式的8個詞匯

Eight words that change the way we think

改變我們思考方式的8個詞匯

The exact origins of words are often difficult to place. But sometimes they are the inventions of ground-breaking pioneers – from Chaucer to JK Rowling.

通常我們很難準(zhǔn)確定位語言的確切起源，但有時語言就是那些具有開創(chuàng)性的拓荒者的發(fā)明——比如從喬叟到JK羅琳（都曾開創(chuàng)一種新的語言形式）。

Every word conceals a story, a secret history. Behind the syllables we use every day lurk countless forgotten tales. “If you know the origin of a word”, the 6th Century scholar Isidore of Seville insisted, “everything can be more clearly comprehended”. While most words slip into currency inconspicuously and without leaving traceable trails of their journeys, there is an elite class of verbal inventions whose exact dates of initial utterance have indeed been carefully recorded.

每個文字都蘊含著一個故事，一個私密的故事。在那些我們每天使用的音節(jié)背后潛藏著無數(shù)被遺忘的故事。研究6世紀(jì)的學(xué)者塞維爾·伊西多爾堅持認(rèn)為“如果你知道單詞的起源，那么你對很多事物的理解都會很清晰”。大部分單詞是不經(jīng)意的進(jìn)入傳播領(lǐng)域、而且并沒有留下相關(guān)可追溯的蹤跡，但是有一個創(chuàng)造（新的）語言表達(dá)的精英階層，他們最初的話語表達(dá)方式被精心的記錄了下來。

Some of these words are the one-off brainchildren of individuals who have long faded into the fog of history. Others are the concoctions of cultural pioneers who deliberately set out to shape the way future generations think and speak. In every instance what is remarkable is how the unlocking of a word’s biography helps us unlock both the biography of the individual who coined it as well as the age in which he or she lived. What follows are eight intriguing coinages that have altered the way we think about, see, hear, discover, and exist in the world around us:

這些被精心記錄下來的文字，有的是出自那些早已消失在歷史迷霧中的某個人某一次偶然的靈感，還有一些是文化先驅(qū)調(diào)和的產(chǎn)物，他們有意的去形塑未來一代人的思考和表達(dá)方式。

Twitter

推特

Social media would certainly be a less cheerful place without Twitter’s chirpy logo: that powder-blue profile of a floating bird forever frozen in mid warble. But who first had the phonic imagination to fashion an onomatopoetic compromise between the language of feathers and the language of men? ‘Twitter’ (or ‘twiterith’ as it was initially crafted in the second half of the 14th century), first trilled from the quill of Geoffrey Chaucer in his translation of Consolation of Philosophy by the 6th Century philosopher Boethius. Predating both ‘chirp’ and ‘warble’ by a century, ‘twitter’ is one of over 2,200 words for which the Medieval poet is credited with having inked an inaugural usage. That it’s the same author who wrote the poem The Parlement of Foules seems entirely appropriate.

如果沒有推特那只永遠(yuǎn)浮在半空中呈鳴叫姿態(tài)的粉藍(lán)色小鳥標(biāo)識，社交媒體不會是現(xiàn)在這般歡樂的場所。不過，是誰率先有了這種在鳥類語言和人類語言之間塑造一種擬聲結(jié)合的聲音想象力呢？“Twitter”（或者說‘twiterith’，這個詞最早出現(xiàn)在14世紀(jì)后半期）在杰佛利·喬叟的譯作《哲學(xué)的慰藉》（原作者為6世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家波伊提）中首次出現(xiàn)。Twitter比‘chirp’ 和‘warble’這兩個表示鳥鳴的詞早出現(xiàn)了一個世紀(jì)，它也是中世紀(jì)詩人書寫就職演說時得到認(rèn)可的2200多個單詞之一。也正是這位作者寫了詩歌《白鳥議會》，這似乎是非常說得通的。

Serendipity

美麗的意外

Before 1754, if someone had wanted to express ‘the fortuitous discovery of something by chance’, he or she would have had to dip his or her nib more than a few times to eke out the full slog of such a cumbersome sentiment. Then presto, on Tuesday 28 January, the English writer Horace Walpole, while composing a letter, gifted to the world that rather peppy prance of syllables: ‘serendipity’. Walpole said he based his lyrical invention on a Persian fairy tale, The Three Princes of Serendip, whose protagonists, he insisted, “were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity”. That Walpole misremembered the actual gist of the tale (in fact the princes fail to find what they were looking for despite painstaking attempts) hardly matters; ‘serendipity’ is here to stay – a happy accident indeed. It’s not Walpole’s only quirky coinage. ‘Betweenity’, a word far more charming than its better-known synonym, ‘intermediateness’, deserves the same affection that its sibiling ‘serendipity’ has enjoyed.

在1754年之前，如果有人想表達(dá)‘意料之外的偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)’，他/她或許只能用冗長的文字來表達(dá)這種復(fù)雜的情緒了。但是在1月28日星期二這一天一切都變了，英國作家霍勒斯· 沃波爾在寫信時為世界貢獻(xiàn)了這個活潑歡快的詞‘serendipity’。沃波爾說他的抒情創(chuàng)造是以一個波斯童話《錫蘭三王子》為基礎(chǔ)，童話主角“無論偶然或是特意，他總是有新發(fā)現(xiàn)”?！畇erendipity’現(xiàn)在是用來表示——一個美麗的意外，因此沃波爾記錯童話主要故事情節(jié)（事實是：即使王子很努力也總是找不到自己要找的東西）這件事幾乎對這個詞沒什么影響。不過并不是只有沃波爾有這樣的奇才，‘Betweenity’也是一個遠(yuǎn)比大家熟知的同義詞更具魅力的單詞，‘intermediateness’（中間性）也應(yīng)該得到與‘serendipity’同樣多的喜愛。

Panorama

全景照片

Some words seem to vibrate with the very spirit of the meaning they denote. “Panorama” is one of these; its very rhythm seems in harmony with the wide, mountain-top vistas, boundless horizons, and unblinkered breadth of vision for which it stands. That the word (which literally means ‘a(chǎn)ll-seeing’) should have entered the world’s lexicon around 1789, a year synonymous with the collapse of that notorious cultural enclosure, Paris’s prison-fortress the Bastille, seems entirely appropriate to panorama’s emancipating vibe. How ironic, then, to discover that the word was initially attached to an entirely confined experience: a cylindrical painting that imprisons its audience – an indoor visual contraption devised by the Irish artist Robert Barker.

有些單詞似乎能夠傳神的表達(dá)出它所指代的意思的精髓。“Panorama”就是這樣一個單詞，它獨特的讀音讓它的意思與那種寬廣、高大、廣闊的地平線以及無垠的視野和諧匹配。這個單詞（字面意思就是全景圖）本應(yīng)在1789年入選世界詞典。1789這一年的地位堪比圈地運動的結(jié)束、巴士底監(jiān)獄的垮臺，就像全景照片這個詞解放了人們的感觀方式。然而，具有諷刺意味的是，后來發(fā)現(xiàn)這個詞最初是與一次完全受限的經(jīng)歷相關(guān)：一幅禁錮讀者的圓筒形油畫——一個由愛爾蘭藝術(shù)家羅伯特巴克設(shè)計的室內(nèi)視覺裝置。

Visualise

可視化

It’s hard to believe that no one had ever ‘visualised’ anything before 1817, but that’s the year the Romantic poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge coined the word in his philosophical confession Biographia Literaria (a full century before the word ‘envision’ was minted). In retrospect it seems fitting that a writer whose mind’s eye was haunted by such phantasmic visions as the spectral ship in his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and by the “flashing eyes” and “floating hair” that unsettle the ending of his prophetic lyric Kubla Khan, should be the one to give a name to the seeing of the unseeable. Tortured throughout his life by both material and immaterial substances alike, Coleridge is unsurprisingly responsible for introducing into English other words for describing the darker aspects of experience, such as ‘psychosomatic’ and ‘pessimism’.

很難想象在1817年以前，沒有人可以用“可視化”來形容任何事物，但是到了1817年，浪漫主義詩人兼批評家塞繆爾泰勒·柯爾律治在他的哲學(xué)自白《文學(xué)傳記》中創(chuàng)造了這個詞（比‘envision’這個詞的出現(xiàn)早了整整一個世紀(jì)），回顧過往，就像在他的詩歌作品《古舟子詠》中提到的鬼怪之船，還有“閃光之眼”和“浮毛”這些擾亂他預(yù)言性抒情詩歌《忽必烈汗》結(jié)尾的幻象，作家的心眼常被幻覺縈繞，所以我們應(yīng)該為那些不可見的事物起個名字?？聽柭芍蔚囊簧急荒切┪镔|(zhì)和非物質(zhì)的幻象所折磨，所以他毫無懸念的承擔(dān)起了為其他英語單詞創(chuàng)造一個用來描述黑暗面經(jīng)歷相關(guān)單詞的責(zé)任，比如“受心理影響的”和“悲觀主義”這樣的詞。

Intellectualise

智能化

Coleridge is frequently given credit too for devising a related verb: to ‘intellectualise’, meaning to transform a physical object into a property of the mind. While he certainly deserves credit for coining a term that suggests the very opposite – the underused ‘thingify’ (which means to turn a thought into an object) – in fact ‘intellectualise’ probably belongs to an obscure contemporary and inspiration of the Romantic poet: a mysterious 18th-Century traveller known by the curious nickname ‘Walking Stewart’ for his celebrated feat of having wandered over a greater portion of the known world than anyone before him.

通常，柯爾律治也因為創(chuàng)造了另一個相關(guān)的詞而備受贊揚：即‘intellectualise’智能化。意思是為物理對象賦予精神屬性。同時他也因創(chuàng)造了一個表示相反意思的詞而理所應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫劫澴u——未被充分利用的詞‘thingify’ （意思是把想法轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的事物）——其實“智能化”與當(dāng)時一位無名的浪漫主義詩人相關(guān)：他是一位生活在18世紀(jì)的以其有趣綽號“行走的斯圖爾特”為人所熟知的神秘旅人，他最著名的事跡就是：在已知世界更大范圍內(nèi)漫游的第一人。

Bureaucracy

官僚主義

The hobo narrator of Harry McClintock’s 1928 song Big Rock Candy Mountain dreams of reaching a carefree paradise where “they hung the jerk who invented work”. While history may not remember the name of that particular “jerk”, we do know who the identity of the French economist who invented a word for something almost as tiresome”: ‘bureaucracy’. In 1818, Jean Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay tethered the French word for desk (bureau) to the Greek suffix that means ‘the power of’ (-cracy) and gave a name to the red tape that was beginning to strangle society. Having coined a word for the governmental processes that impose tedious rules on individual behaviour, Gournay might seem the last person we’d expect to give birth to a term that means “l(fā)et people do as they think best”: laissez-faire.

哈利麥克林托克1928年的那首《大冰糖山》的演說員，夢想到達(dá)無憂無慮的天堂，在那里“他們對發(fā)明工作的蠢貨處以絞刑”。然而歷史不會銘記是哪個“蠢貨”發(fā)明了工作，我們只會記住那位把令人生厭的作風(fēng)命名為“官僚主義”的法國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家。1818年，吉恩·克勞德瑪麗文森特古爾耐把表示局、處意思的法語單詞desk (bureau)與希臘語表示政權(quán)的后綴單詞cracy組合到了一起，并為這個開始污染社會風(fēng)氣的官僚作風(fēng)起了這個名字。古爾耐為那些把冗長的規(guī)則強加于個體行為的政府行政程序創(chuàng)造了一個新的詞匯，因此可以說古爾耐是最后一個可以讓人寄予厚望創(chuàng)造出“讓人們做他們認(rèn)為最好的事”即“自由放任主義”這類詞的人。

Photograph

攝影

Strange to think that some of the most seemingly stable names we attach to the objects around us were embraced only gradually and by a process of elimination. The English astronomer and inventor Sir John Herschel’s proposal of the word ‘photograph’ in 1839 had to see off rival coinages before becoming fixed permanently in the world’s vocabulary. Had history taken another path, your gran might be admonishing you for not sending enough ‘sun-prints’ or ‘photogenes’. One competitor, heliograph, which predated ‘photograph’ by a generation, gave Herschel’s suggestion a serious run for its money.

很奇怪，我們身邊一些看起來很穩(wěn)固的物品名稱都是逐漸被人們所接受的，過程中還伴隨著一定程度的消失現(xiàn)象。英國天文學(xué)家兼發(fā)明家約翰·赫歇爾1839年對“攝影”這一詞的提議就是在打敗競爭對手的新詞之后才被永久地收入世界詞匯當(dāng)中的。如果歷史選擇了另一種叫法，那么奶奶在教導(dǎo)我們時的口頭禪可能就會變成別發(fā)那么多的‘sun-prints’或者‘photogenes’（譯者注：都是照片的同義詞）。同類詞“日光攝影”比“攝影”一詞早出現(xiàn)一代的時間，它是與赫歇爾提議的“攝影”一次抗衡的競爭詞。

Muggle

麻瓜

Men, needless to say, are not, as a gender, uniquely skilled at coining compelling words, however uncelebrated female neologists have been. With their contributions to culture frequently marginalised, is there any wonder that we find that the Oxford English Dictionary attributes to female writers the first usage of such words as ‘outsider’ (to Jane Austen in 1800) and ‘a(chǎn)ngst’ (imported from German by George Eliot in 1849). In our own age, it has once again fallen to a female novelist to define who is endowed with the powers of the initiated and those left wanting of wizardry ways. J K Rowling’s coining of ‘muggle’ in her 1997 book Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone to describe mortals bereft of supernatural skill.

毋庸置疑，男人——常被作為一種社會性別——并不擅長創(chuàng)造新詞語，但是無名的女性卻一直都是新詞語創(chuàng)造者。由于女性們對文化的貢獻(xiàn)越來越被邊緣化，牛津英語詞典第一次把像“局外人”（1849年如此形容簡奧斯?。┖汀敖箲]”（1849年由喬治·艾略特從德國引進(jìn)）這樣的詞語用來形容女作家也就不足為奇了。在我們自己這個時代，是女性小說家來定義誰被賦予原始力量、誰缺乏巫術(shù)方式的時代。羅琳在1997年的小說《哈利波特》中創(chuàng)造了“麻瓜”和“魔法石”兩詞來形容喪失超自然能力的凡人。

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