2020年2月新聞熱詞匯總

整個(gè)2月，新冠肺炎疫情持續(xù)在中國(guó)傳播，上億中國(guó)人民開(kāi)始了“宅在家”的生活。在疫情的中心，湖北武漢，火神山、雷神山醫(yī)院相繼開(kāi)始收治病人，隨后又有多個(gè)方艙醫(yī)院建成投入使用。醫(yī)務(wù)人員夜以繼日奮戰(zhàn)在抗疫第一線，而為了保證普通民眾的日常生活，各類電商開(kāi)始發(fā)力，快遞員成為了另一條“生命線”。這個(gè)月，我們的熱詞匯總基本都與新冠肺炎疫情相關(guān)。

火神山醫(yī)院 Huoshenshan Hospital
Huoshenshan (Fire God Mountain) Hospital was delivered Sunday in Wuhan. It is dedicated to treating patients infected with the novel coronavirus.
武漢火神山醫(yī)院于2月2日交付，將專門(mén)用于治療新型冠狀病毒感染患者。

A total of 1,400 medical staff from the armed forces are tasked with treating patients in Huoshenshan Hospital starting from Monday. The medics consist of 950 people from hospitals affiliated to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Joint Logistic Support Force, and 450 from medical universities of the army, navy and air force of the PLA who were sent to Wuhan earlier.
軍隊(duì)抽組1400名醫(yī)護(hù)人員于2月3日起承擔(dān)武漢火神山新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎?？漆t(yī)院醫(yī)療救治任務(wù)。此次抽組的醫(yī)療力量來(lái)自全軍不同的醫(yī)療單位，其中，聯(lián)勤保障部隊(duì)所屬醫(yī)院抽組950人，先期抵達(dá)的陸軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)、海軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)、空軍軍醫(yī)大學(xué)450人納入統(tǒng)一編組。
為救治新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎患者，解決現(xiàn)有醫(yī)療資源不足的問(wèn)題，武漢決定興建火神山醫(yī)院，建筑面積34000平方米，可容納1000張床位。
The new facility will ease the shortage of beds in the city resulting from an increasing number of patients infected with the novel coronavirus.
新醫(yī)院將緩解武漢因感染新型冠狀病毒患者不斷增加而導(dǎo)致的床位短缺問(wèn)題。
作為一所傳染病醫(yī)院，大到房間的結(jié)構(gòu)布局，小到一個(gè)下水管道，在各項(xiàng)防護(hù)措施方面，近乎苛刻。而充分借鑒小湯山醫(yī)院，讓火神山醫(yī)院的設(shè)計(jì)與建設(shè)“站在巨人的肩膀上”。
——分區(qū)嚴(yán)格隔離（different sections are strictly separated）。通過(guò)設(shè)置清潔區(qū)（cleaning section）、半污染區(qū)（partially contaminated section）、污染區(qū)（contaminated section）及醫(yī)護(hù)人員專用通道和病人專用通道（separate routes for medical staff and patients）的布置方式，嚴(yán)格避免交叉感染（cross infection）。醫(yī)療區(qū)與生活區(qū)同樣嚴(yán)格隔離。醫(yī)護(hù)人員進(jìn)出病區(qū)設(shè)置包括風(fēng)淋在內(nèi)的專用衛(wèi)生通過(guò)設(shè)施，最大限度地保護(hù)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的健康安全。
——病房帶上“口罩”（every ward is technically masked）。離地面架空30厘米的每間病房，放置兩張病床，均設(shè)有獨(dú)立的衛(wèi)生間。兩扇窗戶和通道組成的專用隔離防護(hù)窗，用于藥品和食品的傳遞。醫(yī)院絕大部分房間都是負(fù)壓房間（most of the rooms in the hospital are under negative pressure），房間內(nèi)的壓力比外面低，如同給病房帶上“口罩”，避免病毒隨著氣流產(chǎn)生交叉感染。
——污染集中處理（all contaminated resources go through high-standard disinfection）。醫(yī)院鋪設(shè)了5萬(wàn)平方米的防滲膜，覆蓋整個(gè)院區(qū)，確保污染物不會(huì)滲透到土壤水體中，同時(shí)醫(yī)院安裝了雨水、污水處理系統(tǒng)，經(jīng)過(guò)兩次氯氣消毒處理，達(dá)標(biāo)后才可排放。所有房間排風(fēng)均經(jīng)過(guò)消毒殺菌及高效過(guò)濾達(dá)標(biāo)后，才高空排放。
A second special hospital for the treatment of the novel coronavirus — Leishenshan Hospital — is under construction in Wuhan. It is expected to be completed on Wednesday and start receiving patients the following day.
另一座新型冠狀病毒治療醫(yī)院——雷神山醫(yī)院也正在武漢施工建設(shè)，該醫(yī)院有望在2月5日完工，并于次日開(kāi)始接診。

方艙醫(yī)院 mobile cabin hospital
Wuhan will make use of the city's sports stadium and two convention centers, and renovate them into three mobile cabin hospitals to offer a total of 3,400 beds to treat novel coronavirus infected patients with mild symptoms.
武漢將把該市的一處體育館和兩個(gè)會(huì)展中心改建成三所“方艙醫(yī)院”，以收治新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎輕癥患者為主，將提供3400張醫(yī)療床位。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
“方艙醫(yī)院”（mobile cabin hospitals）是解放軍野戰(zhàn)機(jī)動(dòng)醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的一種（part of mobile field medical system of the PLA），在各種應(yīng)急救治中也有廣泛使用?！胺脚撫t(yī)院”一般由醫(yī)療功能單元（medical treatment）、病房單元（ward）、技術(shù)保障單元（technical support）等部分構(gòu)成，是一種模塊化衛(wèi)生裝備，具有緊急救治（emergency treatment）、外科處置（surgical treatment）、臨床檢驗(yàn)（clinical tests）等多方面功能。
這三處“方艙醫(yī)院”位于洪山體育館（800張床位）、武漢客廳（2000張床位）、武漢國(guó)際會(huì)展中心（1000張床位）。

Medical staff will be dispatched to the three hospitals to take care of patients who test positive for the virus — but show no severe symptoms — as soon as they are completed. Once a patient's symptoms worsen, he or she will be transferred to Jinyintan Hospital, one of the city's designated hospitals to admit patients infected with the new virus, in a timely manner.
上述醫(yī)院建成后將派醫(yī)護(hù)人員前往，照顧感染了新型冠狀病毒、但癥狀不嚴(yán)重的患者。一旦患者病情惡化，將及時(shí)被轉(zhuǎn)入定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院金銀潭醫(yī)院。

病死率 fatality rate
2月4日下午，國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委舉行新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，介紹了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎重癥患者的醫(yī)療救治情況。
The current case fatality rate (CFR) of the novel coronavirus infection on the Chinese mainland has dropped to 2.1 percent, Chinese health authorities said Tuesday.
國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委表示，全國(guó)新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎患者病死率已降至2.1%。
The CFR remained stable after an initial 2.3 percent recorded at the beginning of the outbreak, said Jiao Yahui with the National Health Commission at a daily press briefing on the epidemic.
國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委醫(yī)政醫(yī)管局副局長(zhǎng)焦雅輝在發(fā)布會(huì)上表示，全國(guó)的病死率在疫情初期的時(shí)候是2.3%，目前基本上是穩(wěn)定的。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
病死率（case fatality rate，CFR）指一段時(shí)間內(nèi)患有某個(gè)病癥的所有患者中，因該病死亡人數(shù)所占的比例。病死率的計(jì)算方式就是，用該病患者死亡人數(shù)除以該病所有患者人數(shù)。
與之相關(guān)的還有一個(gè)概念就是，發(fā)病率（incidence rate），指特定人群在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生某個(gè)病癥新病例的頻率。
The CFR in Hubei province was 3.1 percent, as the majority of the deaths occurred in the province, which saw a death toll of 414, over 97 percent of the total.
死亡患者主要集中在湖北省，累計(jì)414人，占全國(guó)97%，湖北省確診病例的病死率為3.1%。
In Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei, the CFR stood at 4.9 percent and the death toll was 313, accounting for 74 percent of the national total.
武漢市的死亡人數(shù)是313人，占全國(guó)死亡的74%，武漢確診病例病死率是4.9%。

2月4日下午，國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委舉行新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，介紹了新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎重癥患者的醫(yī)療救治情況。
The current case fatality rate (CFR) of the novel coronavirus infection on the Chinese mainland has dropped to 2.1 percent, Chinese health authorities said Tuesday.
國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委表示，全國(guó)新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎患者病死率已降至2.1%。
The CFR remained stable after an initial 2.3 percent recorded at the beginning of the outbreak, said Jiao Yahui with the National Health Commission at a daily press briefing on the epidemic.
國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委醫(yī)政醫(yī)管局副局長(zhǎng)焦雅輝在發(fā)布會(huì)上表示，全國(guó)的病死率在疫情初期的時(shí)候是2.3%，目前基本上是穩(wěn)定的。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
病死率（case fatality rate，CFR）指一段時(shí)間內(nèi)患有某個(gè)病癥的所有患者中，因該病死亡人數(shù)所占的比例。病死率的計(jì)算方式就是，用該病患者死亡人數(shù)除以該病所有患者人數(shù)。
與之相關(guān)的還有一個(gè)概念就是，發(fā)病率（incidence rate），指特定人群在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生某個(gè)病癥新病例的頻率。
The CFR in Hubei province was 3.1 percent, as the majority of the deaths occurred in the province, which saw a death toll of 414, over 97 percent of the total.
死亡患者主要集中在湖北省，累計(jì)414人，占全國(guó)97%，湖北省確診病例的病死率為3.1%。
In Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei, the CFR stood at 4.9 percent and the death toll was 313, accounting for 74 percent of the national total.
武漢市的死亡人數(shù)是313人，占全國(guó)死亡的74%，武漢確診病例病死率是4.9%。
The fatality rate outside Hubei was only 0.16 percent.
如果除掉湖北省，其他省份的病死率是0.16%。
More than 80 percent of the deaths were elderly people over 60 years old, and over 75 percent had at least one underlying disease such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and tumors.
死亡患者以高齡為主，80%以上都是60歲以上的老年人，75%以上有一種以上的基礎(chǔ)疾病，如心血管病、糖尿病以及腫瘤等。

中央一號(hào)文件 No. 1 central document
21世紀(jì)以來(lái)第17個(gè)指導(dǎo)“三農(nóng)”工作的中央一號(hào)文件2月5日發(fā)布。
This year the document urged efforts on two main tasks -- winning the battle against poverty and strengthening areas of weakness concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, as the country strives to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects this year.
文件指出，2020年是全面建成小康社會(huì)目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)之年，有兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)任務(wù)要完成：打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，補(bǔ)上三農(nóng)”領(lǐng)域突出短板。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
中央一號(hào)文件（No. 1 central document）指中共中央每年發(fā)布的第一份文件（the first policy statement released by central authorities each year）。中共中央在2004年至2020年連續(xù)十七年發(fā)布以“三農(nóng)”（農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村、農(nóng)民）為主題的中央一號(hào)文件，強(qiáng)調(diào)了“三農(nóng)”問(wèn)題（issues relating to agriculture, rural areas and farmers）在中國(guó)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化時(shí)期“重中之重”的地位。

這份文件題為《中共中央 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于抓好“三農(nóng)”領(lǐng)域重點(diǎn)工作確保如期實(shí)現(xiàn)全面小康的意見(jiàn)》，全文共5個(gè)部分，包括：堅(jiān)決打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)（win the battle against poverty）；對(duì)標(biāo)全面建成小康社會(huì)加快補(bǔ)上農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共服務(wù)短板（improve infrastructure and public services in rural areas）；保障重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有效供給和促進(jìn)農(nóng)民持續(xù)增收（ensure supplies of important agricultural products, promote the increases in farmers' incomes）；加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村基層治理（strengthen grassroots governance in rural areas）；強(qiáng)化農(nóng)村補(bǔ)短板保障措施（improve rural weak links）。
具體要點(diǎn)如下：
China has made decisive achievements in poverty relief and vowed to fully realize poverty elimination targets this year. In doing so, the country will increase support for areas in deep poverty by adding poverty alleviation funds, the document said.
脫貧攻堅(jiān)已經(jīng)取得決定性成就，現(xiàn)在到了攻城拔寨、全面收官的階段。各級(jí)財(cái)政要繼續(xù)增加專項(xiàng)扶貧資金，中央財(cái)政新增部分主要用于深度貧困地區(qū)。
Efforts should also be made to provide institutional guarantees to prevent people from returning to poverty after being lifted out of it in a bid to consolidate poverty relief results.
為鞏固脫貧成果提供制度保障，防止返貧。
The document noted that the country should keep the poverty alleviation policies on stable footing.
保持脫貧攻堅(jiān)政策總體穩(wěn)定。
China will see an immense change after it accomplishes its poverty elimination tasks, it said, urging that poverty reduction work should center more on addressing relative poverty and become normalized.
脫貧攻堅(jiān)任務(wù)完成后，我國(guó)貧困狀況將發(fā)生重大變化，扶貧工作重心轉(zhuǎn)向解決相對(duì)貧困，扶貧工作方式由集中作戰(zhàn)調(diào)整為常態(tài)推進(jìn)。
The country should establish long-term mechanisms and strengthen the "top-level design" to tackle relative poverty while accelerating its pace to introduce the guideline, connecting poverty alleviation efforts with rural vitalization strategies.
要研究建立解決相對(duì)貧困的長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制，加強(qiáng)解決相對(duì)貧困問(wèn)題頂層設(shè)計(jì)，抓緊研究制定脫貧攻堅(jiān)與實(shí)施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略有機(jī)銜接的意見(jiàn)。
Areas of weakness in rural work such as infrastructure and public services should be improved, while efforts should be made to ensure safe drinking water and strengthen rural environmental protection, said the document.
加快補(bǔ)上農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共服務(wù)短板，提高農(nóng)村供水保障水平，扎實(shí)搞好農(nóng)村人居環(huán)境整治。
Rural education will be further improved by strengthening the building of boarding schools in townships and increasing supplies of inclusive preschool education resources through multiple channels, it said.
加強(qiáng)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)，多渠道增加普惠性學(xué)前教育資源供給。
The document also noted that the country will beef up efforts on improving medical and health services in rural areas.
加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)。
As food security is a top priority, China will secure supplies of important agricultural products and maintain the stability of grain planting areas and output this year.
確保糧食安全始終是治國(guó)理政的頭等大事。保障重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有效供給，糧食播種面積和產(chǎn)量要保持基本穩(wěn)定。
China will work to return hog production capacity to normal levels by the end of 2020, support the production of dairy and poultry products and guide the optimization of meat consumption structure, according to the document.
要采取綜合性措施，確保2020年年底前生豬產(chǎn)能基本恢復(fù)到接近正常年份水平。支持奶業(yè)、禽類等生產(chǎn)，引導(dǎo)優(yōu)化肉類消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)。
The document called for the integrated industrial development in rural areas propelled by a whole industry chain based on local resources and advantages, along with industrial clusters with a competitive edge.
支持各地立足資源優(yōu)勢(shì)打造各具特色的農(nóng)業(yè)全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，形成有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。
Agricultural structures should be optimized to feature more high-quality agricultural products and better certification of healthy food, organic produce and source of production, while e-commerce penetration in rural areas and oversight of food and produce should be enhanced.
繼續(xù)調(diào)整優(yōu)化農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，加強(qiáng)綠色食品、有機(jī)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、地理標(biāo)志農(nóng)產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證和管理，擴(kuò)大電子商務(wù)進(jìn)農(nóng)村覆蓋面，建立健全農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品追溯體系。
It also urged the stable employment of migrant workers among efforts to protect their wages.
穩(wěn)定農(nóng)民工就業(yè)。
Governance and the leadership of the Communist Party of China in rural communities should be strengthened, it said.
加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村基層黨組織治理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力。
The document also vowed more investments into rural work, encouraging the issuance of local government special bonds to boost rural vitalization as well as monetary, fiscal and policy support for rural work.
加大中央和地方財(cái)政“三農(nóng)”投入力度，各地應(yīng)有序擴(kuò)大用于支持鄉(xiāng)村振興的專項(xiàng)債券發(fā)行規(guī)模，強(qiáng)化對(duì)“三農(nóng)”信貸的貨幣、財(cái)稅、監(jiān)管政策正向激勵(lì)。
New agricultural entities such as qualified family farms are eligible to enjoy preferential credit and tax policies, it said.
符合條件的家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)等新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)主體可按規(guī)定享受現(xiàn)行小微企業(yè)相關(guān)貸款稅收減免政策。
The country will steadily expand pilot reforms of inclusive finance in rural areas and advance the listing of futures and options related to agricultural products.
穩(wěn)妥擴(kuò)大農(nóng)村普惠金融改革試點(diǎn)，繼續(xù)推進(jìn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品期貨期權(quán)品種上市。
Land for the development of rural industries should be guaranteed, it said.
保障鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展用地。
The document also stressed efforts to encourage rural migrant workers, college graduates, veterans and entrepreneurs to start businesses in rural areas and support the application of more technological achievements in rural areas.
暢通各類人才下鄉(xiāng)渠道，支持大學(xué)生、退役軍人、企業(yè)家等到農(nóng)村干事創(chuàng)業(yè)。強(qiáng)化科技支撐作用。
The country vowed to step up breakthroughs in key agricultural core technologies and develop heavy smart agricultural machinery. Meanwhile, the building of agricultural innovation platforms such as science and technology centers should be strengthened.
加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)關(guān)鍵核心技術(shù)攻關(guān)，加快大中型、智能化、復(fù)合型農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械研發(fā)和應(yīng)用。加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新中心建設(shè)。
The document also stressed key reforms in rural area. The country will improve the basic rural operation system, advance reform of the rural land system and make specific policies on extending the current round of rural land contracts for another 30 years upon expiration based on trials.
抓好農(nóng)村重點(diǎn)改革任務(wù)。完善農(nóng)村基本經(jīng)營(yíng)制度，開(kāi)展第二輪土地承包到期后再延長(zhǎng)30年試點(diǎn)，在試點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)上研究制定延包的具體辦法。
China will press ahead with pilot reforms of the rural collective property rights system nationwide, the document said.
全面推開(kāi)農(nóng)村集體產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革試點(diǎn)。
The document urged the deepening of reform in agricultural administration to perfect the law enforcement system and improve law enforcement capabilities.
深化農(nóng)業(yè)綜合行政執(zhí)法改革，完善執(zhí)法體系，提高執(zhí)法能力。
Policies should fit local conditions and farmers' wishes, the document noted, stressing that officials should avoid formalism and bureaucracy in policy implementation.
堅(jiān)持從農(nóng)村實(shí)際出發(fā)，因地制宜，尊重農(nóng)民意愿，力戒形式主義、官僚主義。

交叉感染 cross infection
交通運(yùn)輸部運(yùn)輸服務(wù)司副司長(zhǎng)蔡團(tuán)結(jié)2月6日在國(guó)務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上說(shuō)，針對(duì)返程大客流，交通運(yùn)輸部有針對(duì)性地研究相關(guān)保障方案，堅(jiān)決防止疫情通過(guò)交通運(yùn)輸工具傳播，降低客流輸入地區(qū)的輸入性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

To contain virus infections during the trips, railways, airports and other public transportation operators have intensified disinfection, ventilation and sanitation of vehicles and stations.
為了防止病毒傳播，鐵路、民航以及其他交通運(yùn)輸部門(mén)均加強(qiáng)了交通運(yùn)輸工具和場(chǎng)站的消毒、通風(fēng)和衛(wèi)生清潔。
Passengers will go through body temperature screening at both entrances and exits of operating public transportation stations across the country. People found to have caught a fever above 37.3 degrees Celsius will be transferred to health departments.
乘客進(jìn)出客運(yùn)場(chǎng)站均需測(cè)溫，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有乘客體溫超過(guò)37.3度，第一時(shí)間移交衛(wèi)生健康部門(mén)。
Meanwhile, steps have been taken to make sure vehicles are not fully booked to allow a safe distance between passengers, Cai said, adding that temporary isolation areas had been set in the vehicles to avoid cross-infections in case of emergency during the journey.
同時(shí)，控制交通運(yùn)輸工具客座率，確保乘客之間有一定安全距離，此外，預(yù)留一部分空間作為突發(fā)情況時(shí)的暫時(shí)隔離區(qū)域。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
這里的“客座率”在英語(yǔ)中有一個(gè)專門(mén)的表述passenger load factor（PLF），是交通運(yùn)輸工具全程座位使用情況的一個(gè)測(cè)算指標(biāo)，指特定時(shí)間段內(nèi)，購(gòu)票乘客數(shù)在某個(gè)交通運(yùn)輸工具全部可用座位總數(shù)中所占的比例。
鐵路部門(mén)在售票源頭上加強(qiáng)管控，控制旅客列車的客座率，近幾天售票會(huì)把旅客列車的客座率控制在50%左右（make sure that train passenger load factor is around 50%），并實(shí)行分散售票，列車工作人員在旅客上車以后會(huì)引導(dǎo)大家分散就座。
此外，北京地鐵非配合式熱成像體溫測(cè)試系統(tǒng)布設(shè)車站已增至35座。
Compared with hand-held instruments, the thermal imaging system can automatically measure passengers' temperature, improving passenger flow at subway stations.
與手持型測(cè)溫設(shè)備相比，熱成像系統(tǒng)能夠自動(dòng)檢測(cè)乘客體溫，縮短地鐵站乘客等待時(shí)間。
The thermal imaging system can issue an alert when detecting passengers with abnormal body temperatures and monitor the temperatures continuously, according to Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation Ltd.
據(jù)北京地鐵運(yùn)營(yíng)有限公司介紹，熱成像系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)體溫異常的乘客后，會(huì)對(duì)其體溫持續(xù)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)。

氣溶膠傳播 aerosol transmission
The novel coronavirus normally does not suspend or float in the air for long, and currently no evidence has shown that the new virus can be transmitted through aerosol, Feng Luzhao, a researcher of infectious diseases with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said at the press conference.
中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心傳染病預(yù)防控制處研究員馮錄召表示，新型冠狀病毒一般不會(huì)在空氣長(zhǎng)期漂浮，目前沒(méi)有證據(jù)顯示新型冠狀病毒通過(guò)氣溶膠傳播。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
氣溶膠傳播（aerosol transmission，aerosol讀作['er?.sɑl]），是指飛沫在空氣懸浮過(guò)程中失去水分而剩下的蛋白質(zhì)（protein）和病原體（pathogen）組成的核，形成飛沫核（droplet nuclei），可以通過(guò)氣溶膠的形式漂浮至遠(yuǎn)處，造成遠(yuǎn)距離的傳播（float for a long distance and spread the virus）。
Currently, the virus is mainly transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact, said Feng, adding that the virus is normally transmitted within a range of one to two meters.
馮錄召說(shuō)，新型冠狀病毒主要通過(guò)呼吸道飛沫傳播和接觸傳播，而飛沫傳播距離很短，一般1至2米。
He suggested the public to open windows to help with ventilation at least twice a day, which is effective to lower the risks of getting infected.
他建議每天至少兩次開(kāi)窗通風(fēng)，這是降低感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有效措施。
他表示，在一般的工作生活條件下，采取正確佩戴口罩的飛沫傳播防護(hù)措施，是足以滿足保護(hù)普通公眾不被感染的（wearing a mask correctly is enough to protect the general public from the virus）。
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品附著病毒幾率很低
馮錄召表示，病毒通過(guò)飛沫、直接接觸等方式污染到蔬菜、肉和水果的幾率很低。
He suggested that raw vegetables, meats and fruits should be washed with running water, in the meantime, people should only eat cooked vegetables and meats and fruits without peels.
他建議，蔬菜、肉、水果買回家后需先用流水清洗。蔬菜、肉類不要生食，需炒熟吃，水果盡量削皮。
The virus would die in 30 minutes at a temperature of 56 degrees Celsius, Feng said, adding that cooking temperatures usually reach 100 degrees Celsius or even higher.
馮錄召說(shuō)，病毒在溫度56℃狀態(tài)下，30分鐘內(nèi)就能被殺死，而炒菜等溫度能達(dá)到100℃甚至更高。
Feng urged people to wash their hands more frequently, especially after dealing with these agricultural products. He also advised people to use different kitchen wares, like cutting boards and knives, for raw and cooked food, respectively.
處理蔬菜、肉類、水果后要及時(shí)洗手。處理生食和熟食的切菜板及刀具要分開(kāi)。

假陰性 false nagetive results
Reports that nucleic acid tests have returned false-negative results for people infected with the novel coronavirus have prompted medical workers to deploy multiple measures to identify infections and implement rigorous isolation measures amid the viral epidemic.
一些新型冠狀病毒感染者的核酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果出現(xiàn)“假陰性”，這類報(bào)告促使醫(yī)護(hù)人員采取多重措施確診感染者，并采取更加嚴(yán)格的隔離措施來(lái)防控疫情。
據(jù)《新京報(bào)》報(bào)道，一位武漢來(lái)京的發(fā)熱肺炎患者2月5日在中日醫(yī)院呼吸四部確診為新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎。
An infected patient in Beijing tested negative three times for the virus through routine throat swab nucleic acid tests. The case was eventually confirmed by extracting samples from the lower respiratory tract — a more intrusive procedure.
此例患者入院前三次咽拭子新冠病毒核酸檢測(cè)均為陰性，入院后從下呼吸道提取樣本檢測(cè)才發(fā)現(xiàn)新冠病毒核酸陽(yáng)性。
公開(kāi)資料顯示，除中日醫(yī)院這名“假陰性”患者外，浙江、寧夏、福建、天津已出現(xiàn)多例核酸檢測(cè)“假陰性”病例。
針對(duì)這一情況，2月9日，國(guó)務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制新聞發(fā)布會(huì)稱，任何病毒的核酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果都不可能是100%陽(yáng)性，對(duì)新冠病毒的核酸檢測(cè)也不例外，“假陰性”在所難免。
Gao Zhancheng, head of the respiratory and critical care department at Peking University's People's Hospital, said a range of factors will impact the accuracy of nucleic acid testing, including the severity of symptoms, the illness' development, the extraction method and the circumstances at laboratories.
北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科主任高占成說(shuō)，核酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果也受患者病情輕重、疾病不同階段、取樣方式方法、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)條件影響。
"Nucleic acid testing targeting other viruses also cannot ensure full accuracy. However, such testing remains an irreplaceable way to confirm infection," he told a news conference held by the State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism on Sunday.
“任何病毒的核酸檢測(cè)結(jié)果都不可能是100%陽(yáng)性，但對(duì)于確診新冠肺炎，核酸檢測(cè)是不可或缺的手段?！备哒汲稍?日的國(guó)務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上說(shuō)。
"Under the current treatment guideline, suspected cases who have tested negative for the virus once are also required to be quarantined at designated facilities for strict observation."
“初次檢測(cè)陰性的疑似患者，按照現(xiàn)行國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委診療方案要求，還需在定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院隔離觀察?！?/span>
對(duì)于假陰性是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致漏診的問(wèn)題，專家們表示，不必過(guò)分擔(dān)心，病例的確診和排除，除了核酸檢測(cè)，還將結(jié)合流行病學(xué)史（ epidemiological records）、臨床癥狀（clinical symptoms）、CT影像（ CT scan imaging）等判斷。

新冠肺炎 COVID-19
2月11日，世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事譚德塞宣布，將新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎命名為“COVID-19”。
"We now have a name for the disease and it's COVID-19," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told reporters in Geneva.
在日內(nèi)瓦，世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事譚德塞對(duì)記者表示：“我們將這個(gè)疾病命名為COVID-19。”
這個(gè)名字COVID-19來(lái)源于corona（冠狀）、virus（病毒）以及disease（疾?。┤齻€(gè)詞，而19則代表這個(gè)疾病出現(xiàn)的年份2019年。新冠肺炎疫情是在2019年12月31日上報(bào)至世界衛(wèi)生組織的。

譚德塞指出：
"We had to find a name that did not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or group of people, and which is also pronounceable and related to the disease," the WHO chief said.
我們要取的名字不能指向某個(gè)地理位置、某個(gè)動(dòng)物、某個(gè)人或群體，同時(shí)這個(gè)名字要易讀，且與該疾病相關(guān)。
"Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing. It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks."
正式命名可以阻止其他不準(zhǔn)確或者污名化名稱的使用，同時(shí)，也讓我們?cè)诮窈蟮墓跔畈《疽咔槊麜r(shí)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可循。

新型冠狀病毒名稱為SARS-CoV-2
The virus itself has been designated SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
新型冠狀病毒的名稱則由國(guó)際病毒分類委員會(huì)指定為SARS-CoV-2。
冠狀病毒（coronavirus）是一個(gè)病毒大家族，其中包括引起普通感冒的病毒，以及曾經(jīng)造成重大疫情的：
? 嚴(yán)重急性呼吸綜合征（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，SARS）冠狀病毒；
? 中東呼吸綜合征（Middle East Respiratory Syndrome，MERS）冠狀病毒。
此前，世界衛(wèi)生組織建議使用的臨時(shí)名稱，英文叫“2019-nCoV”。2019指代病毒被發(fā)現(xiàn)的年份，后面的nCoV是“新型冠狀病毒”英文翻譯new/novel coronavirus的縮寫(xiě)。
為什么給病毒起名講究這么多？
美國(guó)約翰斯·霍普金斯健康安全中心高級(jí)學(xué)者、助理教授克麗絲特爾·沃森（Crystal Watson, senior scholar and assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security）表示雖然當(dāng)下焦點(diǎn)都放在了公共衛(wèi)生應(yīng)對(duì)上，不過(guò)病毒命名工作也值得優(yōu)先處理。
"The naming of a new virus is often quite delayed and the focus until now has been on the public health response, which is understandable."
“給新病毒的命名通常都會(huì)滯后許多，而且到目前為止，焦點(diǎn)都放在公共衛(wèi)生應(yīng)對(duì)上，這是可以理解的?！?/span>
"But there are reasons the naming should be a priority."
“但是，病毒命名工作應(yīng)該優(yōu)先處理，是有原因的?！?/span>
她給出了幾點(diǎn)原因：

? "The name it has now is not easy to use and the media and the public are using other names for the virus," says Dr Watson.
“目前的病毒名稱用起來(lái)并不方便，而媒體和公眾都在使用病毒的別名?！?/span>

? "The danger when you don't have an official name is that people start using terms like China Virus, and that can create a backlash against certain populations."
“沒(méi)有正式名稱的危險(xiǎn)在于，人們開(kāi)始使用諸如‘中國(guó)病毒’等表述，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)部分特定人群產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈抵制。”

? With social media, unofficial names take hold quickly and are hard to take back, she says.
她說(shuō)，非官方的名稱很容易在社交媒體上迅速流行起來(lái)，這很難撤回。
其實(shí)，給病毒起名不慎，早已有前車之鑒。
The H1N1 virus in 2009 was dubbed "swine flu". This led Egypt to slaughter all of its pigs, even though it was spread by people, not pigs.
2009年的甲型H1N1流感病毒曾另被稱作“豬流感”，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致埃及屠宰了境內(nèi)全部的豬。但其實(shí)這種流感病毒是由人傳播，而不是豬傳播。

正式名稱不合適也可能引發(fā)各種潛在問(wèn)題。
世界衛(wèi)生組織就曾在2015年批評(píng)過(guò)“中東呼吸綜合征” （MERS：Middle East Respiratory Syndrome）這一名稱。
命名中含有地區(qū)信息，這就可能招致不必要的地域歧視。畢竟病毒只是在這一地區(qū)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的，沒(méi)人能夠證明世界上其他地方就不存在該病毒。
世衛(wèi)組織在一篇聲明中說(shuō)道：
"We've seen certain disease names provoke a backlash against members of particular religious or ethnic communities, create unjustified barriers to travel, commerce and trade, and trigger needless slaughtering of food animals."
“我們注意到某些疾病的名稱煽動(dòng)起了對(duì)特定宗教或是族裔成員的抵制，對(duì)旅行、商業(yè)和貿(mào)易造成不正當(dāng)?shù)恼系K，并且引發(fā)了對(duì)食用動(dòng)物不必要的屠殺?！?/span>

2015年，世衛(wèi)組織發(fā)布了命名新型人類傳染病的指導(dǎo)原則，要求名稱中不能包含以下信息：
◆ 地理位置
geographical locations

◆ 人名
people's names

◆ 動(dòng)物或食物的名字
the name of an animal or a kind of food

◆ 指向特定文化或行業(yè)
references to a particular culture or industry
 
臨床診斷病例 clinically diagnosed cases
Hubei province reported 14,840 new cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia on Wednesday, compared to 1,638 new cases reported on Tuesday, according to the province’s health commission on Thursday morning.
湖北省衛(wèi)健委2月13日早晨發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2月12日，該省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例，而2月11日，湖北省的新增病例為1638例。
通報(bào)顯示，湖北省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例(含臨床診斷病例13332例)。

什么是臨床診斷病例（clinically diagnosed cases）？為什么要新增臨床診斷病例？
In a statement released on Thursday morning, the commission said it now considers patients who are clinically diagnosed as having the novel coronavirus disease as confirmed patients when releasing the figures. Previously only patients testing positive for the virus were regarded as confirmed patients in Hubei.
湖北省衛(wèi)健委在通報(bào)中表示，湖北省將臨床診斷病例數(shù)納入確診病例數(shù)進(jìn)行公布。此前，只有病毒檢測(cè)為陽(yáng)性的患者才能被納入確診患者。
隨著對(duì)新型冠狀病毒肺炎認(rèn)識(shí)的深入和診療經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累，針對(duì)湖北省疫情特點(diǎn)，國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委辦公廳、國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局辦公室印發(fā)的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案（試行第五版）》在湖北省的病例診斷分類中增加了“臨床診斷”，以便患者能及早按照確診病例接受規(guī)范治療，進(jìn)一步提高救治成功率。
中央指導(dǎo)組專家、北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)童朝暉表示：
Revising the diagnosis standard can help doctors give a diagnosis for the disease. They can now give a diagnosis relying on a combination of factors, such as lung images, physical conditions and epidemiological history.
修訂診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有益于臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)疾病多一個(gè)判斷。在臨床工作中，我們從肺部影像、體征以及流行病學(xué)史等方面綜合診斷。

Sites used to breed wild animals will be placed under strict isolation, and nearby warning signs are now required, according to an announcement by the five departments released on Friday.
專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)要求，嚴(yán)格隔離飼養(yǎng)繁育野生動(dòng)物場(chǎng)所，場(chǎng)所周邊應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)置隔離警示標(biāo)識(shí)。
Furthermore, trade or transportation of wild animals and related products are prohibited in both brick and mortar stores and e-commerce platforms. Exceptions are only made for fished aquatic products.
專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)指出，除捕撈水產(chǎn)品外，嚴(yán)禁各類實(shí)體店及電商平臺(tái)等經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所開(kāi)展任何形式的野生動(dòng)物及制品交易和運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)。
The announcement said any store that breaks the law will be closed, and anybody illegally trading or transporting wild animals will receive heavier punishment in accordance with related laws and regulations.
經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所一律查封，違法從事出售、購(gòu)買、利用、運(yùn)輸、攜帶、寄遞野生動(dòng)物及制品等交易活動(dòng)的，依據(jù)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)予以從重處罰。
1月26日，為嚴(yán)防新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情，阻斷可能的傳染源和傳播途徑，市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管總局、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、國(guó)家林草局決定，即日起至全國(guó)疫情解除期間，禁止野生動(dòng)物交易活動(dòng)（impose a temporary ban on the trade of all wild animals across the country）。
In Yunnan province, 2,351 wild animal farms have been temporarily closed to the public, and all administrative approvals related to wild animals have been suspended.
云南省對(duì)2351家野生動(dòng)物人工馴養(yǎng)繁育場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行了封控管理，暫停野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)行政審批。
By Feb 11, the Yunnan forestry security department had handled 186 cases of illegal wild animal trading with 20 suspects being held and 1,405 live animals caught.
截至2月11日，云南省森林公安局處理野生動(dòng)物違法交易案件186起，抓獲嫌疑人20人，收繳野生動(dòng)物活體1405頭（只）。

流行病學(xué)特征 epidemiological characteristics
2月17日，中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心新型冠狀病毒肺炎應(yīng)急響應(yīng)機(jī)制流行病學(xué)組在《中華流行病學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表新冠肺炎最新研究《新型冠狀病毒肺炎流行病學(xué)特征分析（the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases）》。
該研究根據(jù)傳染病信息系統(tǒng)中報(bào)告的截至2月11日中國(guó)內(nèi)地所有新冠肺炎共計(jì)72314例病例數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)新冠肺炎流行病學(xué)特征進(jìn)行了描述和分析。
It finds that 80.9% of infections are classified as mild, 13.8% as severe and 4.7% as critical. The number of deaths among those infected, known as the fatality rate, remains low but rises among those over 80 years old.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，80.9%的新冠病毒感染者為輕癥，13.8%為重癥，4.7%為危重。病死率保持在低位，不過(guò)在80歲以上人群中病死率有所上升。
Looking at the sex ratio, men are more likely to die (2.8%) than women (1.7%).
性別比例方面，男性患者的病死率為2.8%，高于女性（1.7%）。
The study also identifies which existing illnesses put patients at risk. It puts cardiovascular disease at number one, followed by diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and hypertension.
該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)一些現(xiàn)有疾病會(huì)對(duì)感染者病情產(chǎn)生影響，影響最大的是心血管疾病，其次為糖尿病，慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病以及高血壓。
The paper says that a total of 3,019 health workers have been infected, 1,716 of which were confirmed cases. Five had died by February 11.
研究指出，共有3019名醫(yī)護(hù)人員感染，其中1716名為確診病例。截至2月11日，已有5名醫(yī)護(hù)人員殉職。
據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委官方網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2月18日0—24時(shí)，全國(guó)除湖北以外地區(qū)新增確診病例56例，連續(xù)15日呈現(xiàn)下降態(tài)勢(shì)。
The study suggests that the downward trend in the overall epidemic curve could mean that "isolation of whole cities, broadcast of critical information (e.g., promoting hand washing, mask wearing) with high frequency through multiple channels, and mobilization of a multi-sector rapid response teams is helping to curb the epidemic".
該研究指出，疫情總體曲線呈下降態(tài)勢(shì)說(shuō)明“城市封閉管理，多渠道高頻率的關(guān)鍵信息傳播（比如，宣傳洗手、戴口罩等），以及多部門(mén)快速響應(yīng)團(tuán)隊(duì)的發(fā)動(dòng)在抑制疫情方面發(fā)揮了作用”。

診療方案 treatment plan
國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委2月19日發(fā)布《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案（試行第六版）》，在第五版診療方案的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)傳播途徑、臨床表現(xiàn)、治療等多方面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了修改細(xì)化。
The latest version of the plan abolished different epidemic-related standards inside and outside the epicenter of Hubei province, and will only identify "suspected cases" and "confirmed cases" across the country.
最新版診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)取消了湖北省和湖北省以外其他省份的區(qū)別，統(tǒng)一分為“疑似病例”和“確診病例”兩類。
國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委有關(guān)專家表示，診療方案五次調(diào)整更新，邊實(shí)踐邊總結(jié)邊完善，將很多行之有效的治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)納入指導(dǎo)工作當(dāng)中，不斷提高疾病的規(guī)范化診療水平。
具體來(lái)看，第六版診療方案將“經(jīng)呼吸道飛沫和接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑”改為“經(jīng)呼吸道飛沫和密切接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑（the main transmission route is droplet transmission and close contact transmission）。”“接觸”前增加“密切”二字。增加“在相對(duì)封閉的環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露于高濃度氣溶膠情況下存在經(jīng)氣溶膠傳播的可能（aerosol transmission of the novel coronavirus is possible if one is exposed to a highly concentrated mixture in an enclosed area for an extended period）?！?/span>
臨床表現(xiàn)上，重癥患者嚴(yán)重者除了“快速進(jìn)展為急性呼吸窘迫綜合征（develop rapidly into Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome）、膿毒癥休克（septic shock）、難以糾正的代謝性酸中毒（difficult-to-tackle metabolic acidosis）和出凝血功能障礙（bleeding and coagulation dysfunction）”外，還可出現(xiàn)“多器官功能衰竭（multiple organ failure）”。
此外，在重癥、危重癥病例的治療（treatment of patients displaying serious or critical symptoms）中，對(duì)康復(fù)者血漿治療（infusions of blood plasma from recovered patients）的適用癥和用法、用量進(jìn)一步細(xì)化。
值得注意的是，診療方案還增加了“出院后注意事項(xiàng)”，患者出院后，因恢復(fù)期機(jī)體免疫功能低下，有感染其他病原體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，應(yīng)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行14天自我健康狀況監(jiān)測(cè)（recovered patients should monitor health conditions and continue to quarantine themselves for 14 days），佩戴口罩，有條件的居住在通風(fēng)良好的單人房間，減少與家人的近距離密切接觸，分餐飲食，做好手衛(wèi)生，避免外出活動(dòng)。建議在出院后第2周、第4周到醫(yī)院隨訪、復(fù)診（at the second and fourth week after being discharged, they are supposed to revisit the hospital and undergo a checkup）。

減免企業(yè)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) cut corporate contributions to social insurance
人社部會(huì)同財(cái)政部、稅務(wù)總局研究制定了《關(guān)于階段性減免企業(yè)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的通知》，明確了免、減、緩三項(xiàng)措施。

To help enterprises withstand the epidemic and stabilize employment, the country will cut corporate contributions to the old-age pension, unemployment and workplace safety insurance funds by at least 500 billion yuan this year, according to You Jun, vice-minister of human resources and social security.
人社部副部長(zhǎng)游鈞表示，為了幫助企業(yè)抵抗疫情、穩(wěn)定就業(yè)，我國(guó)今年將減免養(yǎng)老、失業(yè)以及工傷這三項(xiàng)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)單位的繳費(fèi)，預(yù)計(jì)減免規(guī)模將超5000億元。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
我國(guó)的社保制度(social insurance system)由五險(xiǎn)一金組成。所謂五險(xiǎn)一金，即養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)(endowment insurance)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)(medical insurance)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)(unemployment insurance)、工傷保險(xiǎn)(employment injury insurance)和生育保險(xiǎn)(maternity insurance)，及住房公積金(housing provident fund)。

游鈞在國(guó)務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上說(shuō):
Nationwide micro, small-and medium-sized enterprises－as well as all types of enterprises in Hubei province, the outbreak epicenter－will be eligible for exemption of the old-age pension, unemployment and workplace safety insurance payments from February to June.
免，即從2020年2月起，各省份可以對(duì)中小微企業(yè)的養(yǎng)老、失業(yè)、工傷保險(xiǎn)的三項(xiàng)社保的單位繳費(fèi)實(shí)行免征，免征的期限不超過(guò)5個(gè)月，即免征的政策可以執(zhí)行到6月份。湖北省可以將免征的范圍擴(kuò)大到各類參保企業(yè)。
Large enterprises outside Hubei will see their contributions halved from February to April.
減，即湖北以外的全國(guó)其他省份對(duì)大型企業(yè)等其他參保單位的三項(xiàng)社保單位繳費(fèi)可減半征收，減征的期限不超過(guò)3個(gè)月。
Companies undergoing severe difficulties due to the epidemic are eligible for the deferral of the three types of social insurance payments for as long as six months.No overdue fine will be charged during this period.
緩，即受疫情影響，生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重困難的企業(yè)可申請(qǐng)緩繳，緩繳的期限原則上不超過(guò)6個(gè)月，緩繳期間免收滯納金。
此外，住房城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部會(huì)同財(cái)政部、中國(guó)人民銀行研究提出了關(guān)于住房公積金的支持政策。
Before the end of June, companies may also apply for deferring their payments to the housing provident fund. Failure by employees to repay their housing provident fund loans due to the epidemic will not be taken as a default.
企業(yè)可按規(guī)定申請(qǐng)?jiān)?020年6月30日前緩繳住房公積金。受疫情影響住房公積金貸款不能正常還款的，不作逾期處理。

一線醫(yī)護(hù)人員 frontline medical workers
2月22日，中央應(yīng)對(duì)新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎疫情工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組印發(fā)《關(guān)于全面落實(shí)進(jìn)一步保護(hù)關(guān)心愛(ài)護(hù)醫(yī)務(wù)人員若干措施的通知》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《通知》）。
Front-line medical workers in Hubei province, including those with medical assistance teams from other parts of the country, will have their salaries tripled during the epidemic control fight, and subsidies for them will be further boosted, according to the document.
《通知》指出，將湖北?。ê贬t(yī)療隊(duì)）一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員薪酬水平提高2倍，同時(shí)進(jìn)一步提高臨時(shí)性工作補(bǔ)助。
【單詞講解】
Triple在這里用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“（使）增至三倍”，比如，一名醫(yī)務(wù)工作人員原來(lái)的月薪是8000元，如果下個(gè)月的工資是8000元的triple，那就是24000元，實(shí)際上工資增加的幅度為原工資的兩倍16000元，中文習(xí)慣表達(dá)為“提高了兩倍”。其他表示倍數(shù)的詞double（兩倍）、quadruple（四倍）等也是同樣的用法。

《通知》指出，新冠肺炎疫情發(fā)生以來(lái)，全國(guó)廣大醫(yī)務(wù)人員義無(wú)反顧沖上疫情防控第一線，為保護(hù)人民生命健康作出重大貢獻(xiàn)。當(dāng)前全國(guó)疫情防控進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，醫(yī)務(wù)人員工作任務(wù)重、感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高、工作壓力大，各地各有關(guān)部門(mén)務(wù)必高度重視對(duì)他們的保護(hù)、關(guān)心、愛(ài)護(hù)，加強(qiáng)各方面支持保障，解除他們的后顧之憂，使他們始終保持強(qiáng)大戰(zhàn)斗力、昂揚(yáng)斗志、旺盛精力，持續(xù)健康、心無(wú)旁騖投入戰(zhàn)勝疫情斗爭(zhēng)。
除提高薪酬待遇之外，《通知》還提出了其他保護(hù)關(guān)心愛(ài)護(hù)醫(yī)務(wù)人員的措施。
要做好工傷認(rèn)定和待遇保障。
Streamlined procedures to facilitate compensation for work-related infections will be provided.
簡(jiǎn)化理賠程序，保障醫(yī)務(wù)人員及時(shí)享受工傷保險(xiǎn)待遇。

要實(shí)施職稱評(píng)聘傾斜措施。
Front-line medical workers who have participated in epidemic prevention and control will be given preference in cases of getting promotions or applying for professional titles.
一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員在職稱評(píng)聘中優(yōu)先申報(bào)、優(yōu)先參評(píng)、優(yōu)先聘任。

要落實(shí)一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員生活保障。
Clean and nutritious meals should be provided, together with comfortable living environment and commuter services.
干凈、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、便捷的就餐服務(wù)，舒適的生活休息環(huán)境，并解決通勤問(wèn)題。

要加強(qiáng)醫(yī)務(wù)人員個(gè)人防護(hù)。
The circular also stressed that demand for protective equipment at designated hospitals, fever clinics and quarantine facilities must be prioritized.
全力保障定點(diǎn)救治醫(yī)院、發(fā)熱門(mén)診、集中隔離觀察點(diǎn)等一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員防護(hù)物資需求。

要確保輪換休整到位。
Medical workers will take mandatory rest after long working hours, their paid vacation days should be increased after the epidemic.
對(duì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間高負(fù)荷工作人員安排強(qiáng)制休息。疫情結(jié)束后，適當(dāng)增加休息和帶薪休假時(shí)間。

要及時(shí)做好心理調(diào)適疏導(dǎo)。
Medical workers will receive mental health consultation.
開(kāi)展一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員心理健康評(píng)估。

要切實(shí)落實(shí)有困難家庭的照顧幫扶。
Family members of medical workers who have difficulties in their daily lives will receive greater support, according to the circular. They will gain improved access to medical care, and community officials will be responsible for providing assistance to them, including their children.
開(kāi)通一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員家屬就醫(yī)綠色通道，建立社區(qū)干部聯(lián)系幫扶一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員家庭制度，對(duì)于一線醫(yī)務(wù)人員子女教育給予更多幫助關(guān)愛(ài)。

要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造更加安全的執(zhí)業(yè)環(huán)境。
We should safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of medical workers.
保障醫(yī)務(wù)人員合法權(quán)益。

要開(kāi)展烈士褒揚(yáng)和先進(jìn)表彰。
We should award outstanding medical workers and honor those who died fighting the epidemic as martyrs, and give preferential treatment to their children in school enrolling.
依法做好因疫情防控犧牲殉職人員的烈士評(píng)定和褒揚(yáng)工作，對(duì)于獲得表彰以及被認(rèn)定為烈士的醫(yī)務(wù)人員的子女，在入學(xué)升學(xué)方面按規(guī)定享受相關(guān)待遇。
 
景區(qū)實(shí)名制購(gòu)票 real-name ticketing at scenic spots
文化和旅游部2月25日下發(fā)的《旅游景區(qū)恢復(fù)開(kāi)放疫情防控措施指南》明確，景區(qū)恢復(fù)開(kāi)放應(yīng)堅(jiān)持分區(qū)分級(jí)原則，不搞“一刀切”，疫情高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地區(qū)旅游景區(qū)暫緩開(kāi)放，疫情中、低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地區(qū)的旅游景區(qū)開(kāi)放由當(dāng)?shù)攸h委政府決定。

The guidelines required real-name ticketing, registration of tourists' contact and travel information and big data-powered monitoring of tourist information as scenic attractions have gradually started reopening to the public.
隨著各地旅游景區(qū)陸續(xù)恢復(fù)開(kāi)放，指南要求景區(qū)實(shí)行實(shí)名制購(gòu)票，記錄入園游客聯(lián)絡(luò)方式、來(lái)往交通等信息，利用大數(shù)據(jù)等手段，做好游客信息動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)。
指南要求：
各地恢復(fù)開(kāi)放的景區(qū)應(yīng)嚴(yán)控游客流量（control tourist volume），有效采取門(mén)票預(yù)約、智慧引導(dǎo)等手段，科學(xué)分流疏導(dǎo)游客，防止人員聚集（avoid crowds）。
應(yīng)采取分時(shí)段、間隔性辦法安排游客入園（allow tourists admission during different time periods），景區(qū)出入口（entrances and exits of scenic spots）、重要參觀點(diǎn)（hot tourist spots）等容易出現(xiàn)人員聚集的位置要配備管理人員，加強(qiáng)游客秩序管理。
指南鼓勵(lì)各景區(qū)采取互聯(lián)網(wǎng)售票（online ticketing）、二維碼驗(yàn)票（check in with QR code）等方式減少人員接觸，游客在測(cè)量體溫、佩戴口罩后方可入園（tourists should have their temperatures taken and wear masks before entrance）。
對(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)疑似病例的景區(qū)，要立即采取隔離措施（take quarantine measures），加強(qiáng)密切接觸者追蹤（tracking close contacts）、疫點(diǎn)消毒工作（disinfection），并暫時(shí)關(guān)閉景區(qū)，待情況得到控制后，再按程序報(bào)批恢復(fù)開(kāi)放。
景區(qū)恢復(fù)開(kāi)放前應(yīng)做好員工健康監(jiān)測(cè)和報(bào)告（monitor and report their employees' health conditions），掌握員工出行軌跡（travel records）等情況，對(duì)來(lái)自疫情嚴(yán)重地區(qū)的人員要實(shí)施隔離觀察，實(shí)行“一進(jìn)一測(cè)一登記”制度，進(jìn)入景區(qū)前須進(jìn)行體溫檢測(cè)。

碩士研究生擴(kuò)招 expand enrolment of postgraduates
近日召開(kāi)的國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議推出鼓勵(lì)吸納高校畢業(yè)生和農(nóng)民工就業(yè)的措施。
he meeting decided to expand the enrolment of postgraduates and degree programs for junior college graduates, create more jobs in medical and social services at the community level, and strengthen support for micro and small enterprises to recruit more college graduates.
會(huì)議決定，擴(kuò)大今年碩士研究生招生和專升本規(guī)模，增加基層醫(yī)療、社會(huì)服務(wù)等崗位招募規(guī)模，加大對(duì)小微企業(yè)吸納高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)的支持。
【單詞講解】
在國(guó)外大學(xué)招生的過(guò)程中，經(jīng)常會(huì)看到admission和enrolment這兩個(gè)詞，具體說(shuō)來(lái)，admission指的是這個(gè)學(xué)校的招生條件，符合這個(gè)條件的學(xué)生都可以報(bào)考/申請(qǐng)這個(gè)學(xué)校，所以，admission一般指整個(gè)的招生錄取過(guò)程；而enrolment則指最后被學(xué)校錄取、學(xué)生入校注冊(cè)。當(dāng)然，admission在日常的使用中還有“準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入（某地）”的意思，比如admission fee就是“入場(chǎng)費(fèi)、門(mén)票費(fèi)”。

教育部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，報(bào)名參加2020年碩士研究生考試的考生人數(shù)創(chuàng)新高。
A total of 3.41 million people took part in China's 2020 national entrance exam for postgraduate studies in Decembber, 510,000 more than last year, the Ministry of Education said. A record 8.74 million university students are expected to graduate this year.
去年12月份參加2020年碩士研究生考試的考生達(dá)到341萬(wàn)，比上年增加了51萬(wàn)。今年的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生預(yù)計(jì)將有874萬(wàn)。

國(guó)務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議推出的其他鼓勵(lì)就業(yè)措施還包括：
引導(dǎo)用人單位推遲面試和錄取時(shí)間（postpone interviews and hiring），對(duì)延遲離校應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生推遲報(bào)到、落戶等時(shí)限（delay the registration time and settlement of hukou for graduates who defer their graduation）。
對(duì)離校未就業(yè)高校畢業(yè)生提供2年戶口和檔案托管（unemployed graduates can have their hukou and personal files held in trust for two years），按應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生身份辦理就業(yè)手續(xù)。
積極擴(kuò)大農(nóng)民工就業(yè)。加大穩(wěn)崗和就業(yè)補(bǔ)助。拓寬就地就近就業(yè)渠道（create more local or nearby jobs）。
新上一批帶動(dòng)就業(yè)能力強(qiáng)的項(xiàng)目（a group of new projects providing a large number of posts will be approved）。
重大工程建設(shè)、以工代賑項(xiàng)目?jī)?yōu)先吸納貧困勞動(dòng)力（prioritize poverty-stricken workers in recruitment）。

共享員工 employee sharing
新冠肺炎疫情打亂了很多行業(yè)的陣腳。很多餐飲企業(yè)遭遇寒冬，門(mén)庭冷落客流稀少；新零售企業(yè)的線上訂單卻呈爆發(fā)式增長(zhǎng)，人手出現(xiàn)短缺，于是出現(xiàn)了“共享員工”這一新的用工模式。

Several Chinese companies are temporarily hiring — or “sharing” — employees from businesses that haven’t resumed operations or are only partially operating due to concerns over the novel coronavirus epidemic. The so-called shared employees, known as gongxiang yuangong in Chinese, are being hired by supermarkets, e-commerce platforms’ retail stores, and other companies or factories to ease the workforce crunch.
我國(guó)多家企業(yè)正在臨時(shí)雇用因?yàn)樾鹿谝咔槎鴽](méi)有復(fù)工或僅部分復(fù)工企業(yè)的員工。這些員工被稱為“共享員工”，他們受雇于超市、電商零售店以及其他公司或工廠以緩解用工荒。

2月初，盒馬鮮生超市發(fā)布公告，宣布接納云海肴、青年餐廳的部分員工入駐盒馬門(mén)店工作，相關(guān)合作涉及上海、北京、南京等多地，共計(jì)近500人。

According to domestic media outlet National Business Daily, more than 3,000 new employees had joined Hema as of Feb 19, while over 4,000 people had signed up for the “talent-sharing” plan under Suning’s logistics arm as of Feb 21. The American supermarket chain Walmart has also joined in the trend, hiring more than 3,000 temporary workers from other sectors to work at its branches in cities like Beijing, Fuzhou, and Shenzhen.
據(jù)《每日經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞》報(bào)道，截至2月19日，已經(jīng)有3000多名員工加入盒馬鮮生；截至2月21日，有4000多人加入蘇寧旗下物流公司的“人才共享”計(jì)劃。美國(guó)連鎖超市沃爾瑪也加入這一行列，從其他行業(yè)臨時(shí)雇用了3000多名員工在其北京、福州以及深圳的分店工作。

此外，京東7FRESH、永輝等多家零售企業(yè)以及哈啰出行等共享單車企業(yè)也陸續(xù)發(fā)布“員工共享”計(jì)劃，向臨時(shí)歇業(yè)的餐飲、酒店、影院等企業(yè)員工發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)，以期抱團(tuán)取暖，共克時(shí)艱。

Bike-sharing company Hellobike has opened 8,000 positions nationwide for bicycle maintenance, according to state-owned Xinhua News Agency. In Hefei, capital of the eastern Anhui province, Hellobike is seeking 300 temporary workers, while 40 employees from a local hotel have started working at an industrial park on one-month contracts.
據(jù)新華社報(bào)道，共享單車企業(yè)哈啰出行已面向全國(guó)發(fā)出8000個(gè)自行車維護(hù)崗位。在安徽省合肥市，哈啰出行正在招募300名臨時(shí)員工，與此同時(shí)，當(dāng)?shù)匾患屹e館的40名員工已經(jīng)在一個(gè)工業(yè)園上崗，合同期為一個(gè)月。

中南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)研究院執(zhí)行院長(zhǎng)盤(pán)和林指出，“共享員工（employee sharing）”在暫時(shí)勞動(dòng)力過(guò)剩的傳統(tǒng)餐飲業(yè)與暫時(shí)勞動(dòng)力緊缺的新興電商零售平臺(tái)之間激發(fā)了勞動(dòng)共享，傳統(tǒng)餐飲企業(yè)、電商零售平臺(tái)和員工三方都解了燃眉之急（address the pressing need of traditional catering enterprises, e-commerce platforms and workers）。

不過(guò)，“共享員工”模式可能存在的用工風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也引發(fā)了關(guān)注。

業(yè)內(nèi)人士認(rèn)為，在勞務(wù)關(guān)系下，“共享員工”模式屬于跨行業(yè)借調(diào)用工的模式，即社保仍由原單位繳納、工資由借用單位承擔(dān)并由原單位負(fù)責(zé)發(fā)放。

Yao Junchang, a lawyer with Beijing Weiheng Law Firm, told Workers’ Daily that companies hiring temporary workers should include detailed provisions in their agreements, including the duration of employment, salary and policy for work-related injury compensation.
北京煒衡律師事務(wù)所合伙人姚均昌律師在接受《工人日?qǐng)?bào)》記者采訪時(shí)指出，企業(yè)應(yīng)該就員工的雇用期限、工資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、工傷賠償責(zé)任承擔(dān)等方面作出具體約定。

“At the same time, the companies lending the employees should sign a complete secondment arrangement, pay employees in full, and pay social security on time,” he said. “Employees should pay more attention to safety precautions and require a tripartite agreement or labor agreement to be signed during the temporary employment period and keep records as evidence.”
同時(shí)，借出企業(yè)要簽訂完善的借調(diào)協(xié)議、及時(shí)足額為員工繳納社保并支付工資，保障員工的合法權(quán)益；員工應(yīng)更注重安全防護(hù)，借調(diào)期間應(yīng)當(dāng)要求簽訂三方協(xié)議或勞務(wù)協(xié)議，保留好工作記錄和證據(jù)。